Saliva as a diagnostic tool in criminal investigation: A scoping review

• Author Details:   
• Gambhir Singh ^*
• Avanie Atul Mulay

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Saliva is increasingly recognized as a valuable diagnostic tool in criminal investigations due to its potential for forensic analysis. As a bodily fluid, saliva contains DNA, enzymes, proteins, and other substances that can be used to identify individuals and gather crucial evidence in criminal cases.

One of the primary applications of saliva in forensic science is its role in DNA analysis. Saliva contains cells from the inner cheek and mouth lining, which carry unique DNA signatures. These cells can be collected from items like cigarette butts, bottles, or discarded tissues at crime scenes. DNA profiling of saliva can help link a suspect to a crime scene, provide evidence of contact, or exclude individuals from suspicion.

In addition to DNA analysis, saliva also contains biomarkers and substances that may be relevant in specific investigations. For example, the presence of certain drugs, alcohol, or toxins in saliva can provide evidence of intoxication or drug use, which may be pertinent in cases such as impaired driving or poisoning. Furthermore, certain enzymes or proteins found in saliva could help identify injuries or medical conditions that may be relevant in criminal investigations.

Saliva can also serve as trace evidence in cases of sexual assault or violent crimes. When collected properly, saliva left at a crime scene can provide critical evidence of contact between a victim and a perpetrator, aiding in the identification of the suspect.

Overall, saliva is a non-invasive and easily collectable substance that holds great potential as a diagnostic tool in criminal investigations, offering reliable, cost-effective methods to gather key forensic evidence.

Keywords: Saliva, Trace evidence, Criminal investigation, Forensic medicine