Introduction
The world health organization defines sudden cardiac death as any death due to cardiovascular cause that occurs within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.1, 2 The last few decades has seen a gradual rise in the number of sudden cardiac deaths all over the world, more so, in the urban areas.3, 4 Various post-mortem studies have established that myocardial infarction due to coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of sudden death.5 Other causes include cardiomyopathies of various types. Sudden cardiac death among adolescent and young adult is a catastrophic event for the family as well as for the community in a broader perspective. But in one third of cases, even after rigorous post mortem examination and investigations including toxicology and histology; a cause cannot be found with certainty.6, 7, 8, 9 In this study we have evaluated the autopsy cases of sudden cardiac deaths received in the department of Pathology, Gauhati Medical college and hospital for a period of one year from August 2022 to July 2023.
Aims and Objectives
To study the cases of sudden death in apparently healthy young individuals and to assess the presence of histopathological evidence of Myocardial infarction if present.
Materials and Methods
The present study is a retrospective hospital-based study carried for a period of one year from August 2022 to July 2023 in the Department of Pathology, Gauhati Medical College and hospital. After the completion of police/ magistrate inquest and conduction of Autopsy, specimen of heart along with great vessel was sent to department of Pathology for histopathological examination in 10% neutral buffer formalin. The cause of death was inferred on the basis of hospital records, circumstantial and police reports, gross examination and histopathological examination of the specimen. After receipt of the specimen along with the requisition form having proper medical history, grossing of the heart was done and representative sections from each chamber, wall, septum, great vessels, coronaries were processed for HPE examination. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and viewed under the microscope.
Results
A total of 48 cases of sudden death were encountered in one year. The age group affected with sudden death is 24-46 years with mean age group being 35±11 years. The Male: Female ratio of sudden death is 3.6:1. Out of 48 cases, 12 were histologically confirmed as myocardial infarction due to coronary insufficiency. Among 36 cases 3 were of myocarditis, 16 cases were that of cardiomyopathy and 17 cases did not have any significant histopathological findings.
Table 1
|
Age group |
Male |
Female |
|
1. 26-30 years |
15 |
3 |
|
2. 31-35 years |
12 |
3 |
|
3. 36-40 years |
6 |
0 |
|
4. 41-45 years |
6 |
3 |
|
Total |
39 |
9 |
Table 2
Age and sex distribution in cases of myocardial infarction
|
Age group |
Male |
Female |
|
1. 26-30 years |
3 |
3 |
|
2. 31-35 years |
3 |
0 |
|
3. 36-40 years |
0 |
0 |
|
4. 41-45 years |
3 |
0 |
|
Total |
9 |
3 |
Discussion
Myocardial infarction is caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis and occlusion of an artery by an embolus or thrombus. MI is the irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged hypoxia or ischemia. Long term studies have shown that the incidence of myocardial infarction as a cause of sudden death is more than a decade old in communities all over the world. 10, 11 However, this incidence have been rising in young adults recently due to the detrimental lifestyle such as consumption of prepackaged fast foods and lack of physical activity. In our study the most common age group affected with cardiac related sudden death is 35±11 years which is similar to other study conducted by Rao D, Sood D, Pathak P, Dongre SD. 12
Males suffer from cardiovascular disease more commonly than females which is why the incidence of MI is also common in males. The reason behind is the fact that women are somewhat protected by estrogen and progesterone until they pass menopause.
To establish the cause of sudden death, gathering information about the deceased is primary facet of the initial investigation. The investigation should include a premorbid medical history, past family history, recent pharmacological therapies, previous ECGs, echocardiography etc. It is also important to investigate the circumstances of sudden death such as the level of physical activity at the time of death, and symptoms immediately preceding the death. This can be obtained from police reports or paramedical staff of the ambulance.
Preferably, a full postmortem examination by a trained cardiac pathologist should be undertaken in all cases of sudden death in the young. 13, 14, 15 This includes detailed gross and histological evaluation of the heart, as well as other key organs such as the brain to rule out the non-cardiac causes, such as e.g. pulmonary embolism before designating a definitive cardiac cause. According to HRS/EHRA guidelines 14 obtaining a postmortem blood sample in cases of sudden death is mandatory in few countries such as Australia and New Zealand. 15 The availability of the postmortem blood samples furnishes a possibility to carry out genetic studies and elevated cardiac biomarkers.
The use of standardized questions for police and other authorities have been established in some countries which may provide precise premorbid details 15 in cases of sudden cardiac death. Few recent studies suggest that postmortem examinations may reveal some non-specific changes of uncertain clinical significance, e.g cardiomegaly or histopathological changes. Regardless of the efforts, the cause of SCD in a young individual sometimes remain unclear.
The diagnosis, management, and ongoing care of families in which Sudden Cardiac Death has occurred in a young relative are amongst the most challenging scenarios in medicine. Since the death is sudden, it is always unexpected, and typically occurs in an apparently healthy person.
The limitation of this study is that the data represented in this article however, does not represent a particular region and community as it is a single centric data and not multicentric study. Also, genetic testing could not be performed due to resource restricted hospital setting.
Conclusion
Sudden cardiac death in young adults is rare but catastrophic outcome of cardiovascular diseases and its incidence is rising slowly. Myocardial infarction due to coronary insufficiency is one of the important causes of sudden death. The sedentary lifestyle and food habits among youth is one of the primary contributing factors for SCD apart from certain genetic disorders. Detailed premorbid history and postmortem examination is essential. The chief goal is to prevent adverse clinical outcome in surviving relatives of the deceased. Therefore, genetic and newer imaging techniques should be implemented for a better outcome in patients at risk. Thus, to conclude autopsy investigation combined with genetic testing and family screening has a higher probability of identifying a possible cause of death among children and young adults who suffer a sudden cardiac death.
